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Liber Censuum
The ''Liber Censuum Romanæ Ecclesiæ'' (Latin for "Census Book of the Roman Church"; also referred to as the Codex of Cencius)〔Gregorovius, 1896, p. 645.〕 is an eighteen-volume (originally) financial record of the real estate revenues of the papacy from 492 to 1192. The span of the record includes the creation of the Apostolic Camera and the effects of the Gregorian Reform.〔Levillain, 2002, p. 940.〕 The work constitutes the "latest and most authoritative of a series of attempts, starting in the eleventh century, to keep an accurate record of the financial claims of the Roman church".〔 According to historian J. Rousset de Pina, the book was "the most effective instrument and () the most significant document of ecclesiastical centralization" in the central Middle Ages.〔
The ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' considers the ''Liber Censuum'' "perhaps the most valuable source for the history of papal economics during the Middle Ages".
==History==
The document has its roots in the ''Polyptych'' of Pope Gelasius I, created at the end of the 5th century and continued for the next four centuries.〔 The ''Liber Censuum'' proper was assembled in 1192 by Cencius Camerarius (future Pope Honorius III), papal chamberlain to Pope Clement III and Pope Celestine II, and his assistant, William Rofio, the clerk of the papal camera,〔 compliling information contained in the ''Collectio canonum'' of Cardinal Deusdedit (1087), the ''Liber politicus'' of the canon Benedict (c. 1140), dossiers of the former chamberlain Boson (1149–1178), and the ''Digesta'' of Cardinal Albinus (1188).〔 Albinus' ''Digesta'' was the "most ambitious" of the ''Liber Censuum'' predecessor records, containing—according to Albiunus—"whatever I knew or found in books of antiquities or what I myself heard and saw concerning the rights of St. Peter".〔 The ''Liber Censuum'' also incorporates information from a contemporary general census and rent table of church properties organized by diocese, the ''Ordo romanus'' (a description of religious ceremonies) —as it pertains to the distribution of payments to the curia during such ceremonies, and works of pontifical history such as the ''Liber pontificalis''.〔Levillain, 2002, p. 940-941.〕
The earliest documentary evidence for the use of such a document of papal property rights goes back even earlier to an 1163/1164 letter from Pope Alexander III to the abbot of Lagny-sur-Marne requesting an annual payment of one ounce of gold, owed according to "a certain work among the books of the apostolic see".〔 Although this specific claim dated to the time of Pope Urban II, the abbot rejected it and there is no evidence Alexander III pursued it further.〔 Such incidences are likely what Cencius refers to in the preface of the ''Liber Censuum'' as the "no little damage and loss" incurred by the church as a result of earlier records being "incomplete and neither written nor arranged authentically".〔 Furthermore, the ''Liber Censuum'' was compiled at a time when the papal patrimony was threatened by the Staufen emperor and individual payments from sources throughout the continent were being reduced by the evasiveness of payers and the inefficiency of the apostolic camera.〔
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